Irrigation: Protocols and Best Practices

— Roles and limitations of the main irrigants in root canal disinfection (NaOCl, EDTA, CHX, and others)
— Evidence-based parameters for irrigant concentration, volume, and contact time
— Irrigant activation methods: manual agitation, sonic, ultrasonic, negative pressure, and laser techniques
— Selection of appropriate activation strategies for routine clinical practice
— Step-by-step irrigation protocols from initial irrigation to final rinse
— Integration of irrigation strategies with canal shaping procedures
— Prevention and management of irrigation-related complications, including NaOCl accidents and apical extrusion
— Adaptation of irrigation protocols for complex cases, including retreatments, apical resorption, open apices, and severe curvatures.